How to manually Clear and Reconcile Business Receivables?
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The original poster says, "I have 5 payments received in the ledger that have matched transfers (payment received and payment deposited in my checking account) and the transfers/deposits are Reconciled, but the corresponding transaction in the Receivables ledger never showed as Cleared."
Reconciling one half of a transfer never does, and never should, reconcile the other half of that transfer (a fact not related to the account type(s) where the transfer is recorded).
Later the op says, "... It's basically a normal Quicken account". But it is not a "normal Quicken account": see below.
A Quicken invoice account register is clearly "different" from other, non-invoice, account registers; and the handling of "reconciles" in invoice accounts is just one of those differences. Others of which are: It has a column (Type) no other Quicken account has, it has a form (Invoice) no other Quicken account has (and that form works in ways unlike any other Quicken account). Then there is its Cleared Status column, which intentionally works differently from any other Quicken account.
Not being able to "reconcile" Quicken transactions in Quicken invoice accounts (accounts receivable or accounts payable accounts) is NOT a bug; Quicken is working as intended. [NOTE: when you attempt to open a Quicken reconcile dialog in a Quicken invoice account, all you get is the Quicken "Balance Adjustment" dialog (NOT a reconcile dialog) ... which never modifies the "Cleared Status" of other transactions in the register (just as it does NOT in other Quicken account registers where reconciles are not possible, such as: Cash and Liability accounts).]
A Quicken invoice account does not correspond to any real-world account, so there is nothing to "reconcile" to.
Quicken controls the use the Cleared Status of invoice account transactions; basically when an invoice has been paid (by a proper Quicken Invoice Payment transaction, assigned to the appropriate invoice), Quicken marks the paid invoice (and the payment transaction that paid it) as "Cleared" (Cleared Status="c"). An invoice payment transaction that is not assigned to any invoice will have a blank Cleared Status, just like unpaid invoices.
Based on the above, I would guess that the original poster has not assigned the invoice payment transactions to the invoices they are meant to pay. Doing so is a trivial task.